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</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">SGI O2</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Silicon_Graphics%2C_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon Graphics, Inc.">Silicon Graphics, Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1996</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="R5000" title="R5000">R5000</a>, RM7000, <a href="R10000" title="R10000">R10000</a>, or <a href="R10000#R12000" title="R10000">R12000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memory</th><td class="infobox-data">32 MB (up to 1 GB)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="SGI_Indy" title="SGI Indy">SGI Indy</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>O2</b> is an entry-level <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> <a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> introduced in 1996 by <a href="Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics, Inc.</a> (SGI) to replace their earlier <a href="SGI_Indy" title="SGI Indy">Indy</a> series. Like the Indy, the O2 uses a single <a href="MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a> <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> and was intended to be used mainly for <a href="Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a>. Its larger counterpart is the <a href="SGI_Octane" title="SGI Octane">SGI Octane</a>. The O2 was SGI's last attempt at a low-end workstation.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_architecture">System architecture</h3></div>

<p>Originally known as the "Moosehead" project, the O2 <a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">architecture</a> features a proprietary high-bandwidth <a href="Unified_Memory_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Memory Architecture">Unified Memory Architecture</a> (UMA) to connect system components. A <a href="Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> bus is bridged onto the UMA with one slot available.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a designer case and an internal modular construction. Two SCSI drives can be mounted on special caddies (one in the later R10000/R12000 models due to heat constraints) and an optional video capture / sound cassette mounted on the far left side.

</p>

<p>The O2 came in two distinct CPU flavours: the low-end MIPS 180 to 350 MHz <a href="R5000" title="R5000">R5000</a>- or RM7000-based units and the higher-end 150 to 400 MHz <a href="R10000" title="R10000">R10000</a>- or <a href="R10000#R12000" title="R10000">R12000</a>-based units. The 200 MHz R5000 CPUs with 1 MB L2-cache are generally noticeably faster than the 180 MHz R5000s with 512 KB cache. There is a hobbyist <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgidepot.co.uk/o2cpumod.html">project</a> that has successfully retrofitted a 600 MHz RM7xxx MIPS processor into the O2.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory">Memory</h3></div>

<p>There are eight DIMM slots on the motherboard and memory, and all O2s are expandable to 1 GB using proprietary 239-pin <a href="SDRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="SDRAM">SDRAM</a> <a href="DIMM" title="DIMM">DIMMs</a>. The Memory & Rendering Engine (MRE) <a href="Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a> contains the <a href="Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">memory controller</a>. Memory is accessed via a 133 MHz 144-bit bus, of which 128 bits are for data and the remaining for <a href="ECC_memory" title="ECC memory">ECC</a>. This bus is interfaced by a set of buffers to the 66 MHz 256-bit memory system.

</p>

<p>I/O functionality is provided by the IO Engine ASIC. The ASIC provides a 64-bit <a href="Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> bus, an <a href="Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a> bus, two <a href="PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 ports</a> for keyboard and mouse, and a 10/100 Base-T <a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> port. The PCI bus has one 64-bit slot, but the ISA bus is present solely for attaching a <a href="Super_I/O" title="Super I/O">Super I/O</a> chip to provide serial and parallel ports.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disks">Disks</h3></div>

<p>The O2 carries an UltraWide SCSI drive subsystem (Adaptec 7880). Older O2's generally have 4x speed Toshiba CD-ROMs, but any Toshiba SCSI CD-ROM can be used (as well as from other manufacturers, the bezel replacement however is designed to fit Toshiba design and also IRIX cannot utilize <a href="CD-DA" class="mw-redirect" title="CD-DA">CD-DA</a> mode other than Toshiba). Later units have Toshiba DVD-ROMs. The R5000/RM7000 units have two available drive sleds for <a href="Single_Connector_Attachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Connector Attachment">SCA</a> UltraWide SCSI hard-disks. Because the R10000/R12000 CPU module has a much higher cooling-fan assembly, the R10000/R12000 units have room for only one drive-sled.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphics">Graphics</h3></div>

<p>The O2 used the CRM chipset specifically developed by SGI for the O2. It was developed to be a low-cost implementation of the <a href="OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a> 1.1 architecture with ARB image extensions in both software and hardware. The chipset consists of the microprocessor, and the ICE, MRE and Display ASICs. All <a href="Display_list" title="Display list">display list</a> and <a href="Vertex_(computer_graphics)" title="Vertex (computer graphics)">vertex</a> processing, as well as the control of the MRE ASIC is performed by the microprocessor. The ICE ASIC performs the packaging and unpacking of pixels as well as operations on pixel data. The MRE ASIC performs <a href="Rasterization" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasterization">rasterization</a> and texture mapping. Due to the unified memory architecture, the texture and framebuffer memory comes from main memory, resulting in a system that has a variable amount of each memory. The Display Engine generates analog video signals from framebuffer data fetched from the memory for display.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</h3></div>

<p>Several <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> support the O2:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a> 6.3 or 6.5.x (native platform).</li>

<li><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> port is working, but some drivers are missing. <a href="Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>, <a href="Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a> and <a href="T2_SDE" title="T2 SDE">T2 Linux</a> have releases that work on the O2.</li>

<li><a href="OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> ran on the O2 starting from OpenBSD 3.7 until the discontinuation of the "sgi" port in OpenBSD 6.9.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> has run on the O2 since NetBSD 2.0. It was the first <a href="Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> to be ported to the O2.<sup id="cite_ref-NetBSD_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NetBSD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/sgimips/">sgimips</a> port page.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2></div>

<p>The SGI O2 has an Imaging and Compression Engine (ICE) <a href="Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC) for processing <a href="Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a> and still images.<sup id="cite_ref-SIGGRAPH_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIGGRAPH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICE operates at 66 MHz and contains a <a href="R3000" title="R3000">R3000</a>-derived microprocessor serving as the scalar unit to which a 128-bit <a href="SIMD" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMD">SIMD</a> unit is attached using the MIPS coprocessor interface.<sup id="cite_ref-SIGGRAPH_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIGGRAPH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICE operates on eight 16-bit or sixteen 8-bit integers,<sup id="cite_ref-SIGGRAPH_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIGGRAPH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but still provides a significant amount of computational power which enables the O2 to do video decoding and audio tasks that would require a much faster CPU if done without SIMD instructions. ICE only works with the IRIX operating system, as this is the only system that has drivers capable of taking advantage of this device.

</p><p>The Unified Memory Architecture means that the O2 uses main memory for graphics textures, making texturing polygons and other graphics elements trivial. Instead of transferring textures over a bus to the graphics subsystem, the O2 passes a pointer to the texture in main memory which is then accessed by the graphics hardware. This makes using large textures easy, and even makes using streaming video as a texture possible.

</p><p>Since the CPU performs many of geometry calculations, using a faster CPU will increase the speed of a geometry-limited application. The O2's graphics is known to have slower rasterization speed than the <a href="SGI_Indigo%C2%B2_and_Challenge_M" title="SGI Indigo² and Challenge M">Indigo2</a>'s Maximum <a href="IMPACT_(computer_graphics)" title="IMPACT (computer graphics)">IMPACT</a> graphics boards, though the Maximum IMPACT graphics is limited to 4 MB of texture memory, which can result in thrashing, whereas the O2 is limited only by available memory.

</p><p>While CPU frequencies of 180 to 400 MHz seem low today, when the O2 was released in 1996, these speeds were on par with or above the current offerings for the x86 family of computers (cf. Intel's <a href="Intel_P5" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel P5">Pentium</a> and AMD's <a href="5k86" class="mw-redirect" title="5k86">K5</a>).

</p>

<p>O2s were often used in the following fields:

</p>

<ul><li>Imaging (especially medical)</li>

<li>On-air TV graphics; the most widespread example of an O2 running TV graphics is the <a href="Weather_Star_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather Star XL">Weather Star XL</a> computer for <a href="The_Weather_Channel" title="The Weather Channel">The Weather Channel</a></li>

<li>Desktop workstation</li>

<li>3D modelling</li>

<li>Analogue video post-production</li>

<li>Defense industries</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hardware.majix.org/computers/sgi.o2/o2r5k.shtml">"SGI O2 R5000"</a>. <i>Majix Hardware web site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2013</span>.</cite> (includes photos)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openbsd.org/sgi.html">"OpenBSD sgi"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NetBSD-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NetBSD_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bsd.slashdot.org/story/00/06/30/087234/netbsd-ported-to-sgi-02">NetBSD ported to SGI O2</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SIGGRAPH-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIGGRAPH_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIGGRAPH_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIGGRAPH_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilgard, Mark J. (1997). "Realizing OpenGL: Two implementations of one architecture". <i>1997 SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Workshop</i>, pp. 45–55.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Silicon_Graphics_O2" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Silicon Graphics O2">Silicon Graphics O2</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgistuff.net/hardware/systems/o2.html">SGIstuff: O2</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech-pubs.net/SGI_EndUser/books/O2_OG/sgi_html/index.html">O2 Workstation Hardware Owners Guide</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forums.sgi.sh/index.php?threads/o2-power-supply-basics.117/">SGI O2 Power Supply basics</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Silicon_Graphics143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Silicon Graphics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Company</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a> (1981–2009)</li>

<li><a href="Silicon_Graphics_International" title="Silicon Graphics International">Silicon Graphics International</a> (2009–2016)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kurt_Akeley" title="Kurt Akeley">Kurt Akeley</a></li>

<li><a href="Rick_Belluzzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rick Belluzzo">Rick Belluzzo</a></li>

<li><a href="David_J._Brown_(computer_scientist)" title="David J. Brown (computer scientist)">David J. Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="James_H._Clark" title="James H. Clark">James H. Clark</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Haeberli" title="Paul Haeberli">Paul Haeberli</a></li>

<li><a href="Marc_Hannah" title="Marc Hannah">Marc Hannah</a></li>

<li><a href="Abbey_Silverstone" title="Abbey Silverstone">Abbey Silverstone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alias_Systems_Corporation" title="Alias Systems Corporation">Alias Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Kroyer_Films" title="Kroyer Films">Kroyer Films</a></li>

<li><a href="Softimage_3D" title="Softimage 3D">Softimage 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Wavefront_Technologies" title="Wavefront Technologies">Wavefront Technologies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer<br>architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SGI_IRIS" title="SGI IRIS">SGI IRIS</a> (former models)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="SGI_Indigo" title="SGI Indigo">Indigo</a></li>

<li><a href="SGI_Indigo%C2%B2_and_Challenge_M" title="SGI Indigo² and Challenge M">Indigo² and Challenge M</a></li>

<li><a href="SGI_Crimson" title="SGI Crimson">Crimson</a></li>

<li><a href="SGI_Octane" title="SGI Octane">Octane</a></li>

<li><a href="SGI_Challenge" title="SGI Challenge">Challenge</a></li>

<li><a href="SGI_Origin_200" title="SGI Origin 200">Origin 200</a></li>

<li><a href="SGI_Origin_2000" title="SGI Origin 2000">Origin 2000</a></li>

<li><a href="SGI_Origin_3000_and_Onyx_3000" title="SGI Origin 3000 and Onyx 3000">Origin and Onyx 3000</a></li>

<li><a href="SGI_Tezro" title="SGI Tezro">Tezro</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a>, <a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SGI_Visual_Workstation" title="SGI Visual Workstation">Visual Workstation</a></li>

<li><a href="Altix" title="Altix">Altix</a></li>

<li><a href="SGI_Prism" title="SGI Prism">Prism</a></li>

<li><a href="SGI_Virtu" title="SGI Virtu">Virtu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Graphics_hardware" title="Graphics hardware">Graphics hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geometry_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometry Engine">Geometry Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Extreme_Graphics" title="Extreme Graphics">Extreme</a></li>

<li><a href="IMPACT_(computer_graphics)" title="IMPACT (computer graphics)">Impact</a></li>

<li><a href="RealityEngine" title="RealityEngine">RealityEngine</a></li>

<li><a href="InfiniteReality" title="InfiniteReality">InfiniteReality</a></li>

<li><a href="IrisVision" title="IrisVision">IrisVision</a></li>

<li><a href="Reality_Coprocessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Reality Coprocessor">Reality Coprocessor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Silicon_Graphics_Image" title="Silicon Graphics Image">Image format</a></li>

<li><a href="IRIS_WorkSpace" title="IRIS WorkSpace">WorkSpace</a></li>

<li><a href="IRIX_Interactive_Desktop" title="IRIX Interactive Desktop">Interactive Desktop</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenLDI" title="OpenLDI">OpenLDI</a></li>

<li><a href="NUMAlink" title="NUMAlink">NUMAlink</a></li>

<li><a href="Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-28" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=SGI_O2&oldid=1278044941">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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